proportions of the armed forces

1. n

1) сила, воздействие

2) действенность; действительность

- entry into force

- on the entry into force

- conditions of entry into force

- full force of the treaty

- obligatory force of international treaties

- in force

- be in force

- cease to be in force

- enter into force

- come force

- enter into force on signature

- have no force

- put in force

- continue force

- remain in force

3) насилие, принуждение

- primacy of force

- by force

- use of force

- renunciation of the use of force

- non-use of force

- policy of force

- show of force

- suppression by force

- threat of force

- refrain from the threat or use of force

- unlawful recourse to force

- resort to force

- apply force

- take by force

4) обыкн. pl войска, вооружённые силы

- balance of forces

- maintain the balance of forces

- balance of nuclear forces

- in forces

- allocation of forces

- build-up of forces

- correlation of forces

- proportions of forces

- relationship of forces

- inequitable relationship of force

- disparity of forces

- rough parity of forces

- nature and posture of forces

- shifts in the alignment of forces

- intrinsic capabilities of forces

- activities of forces

- forces from outside the area

5) сила (рабочая)

6) обыкн. pl группировки в обществе, движущие силы

- correlation of forces on the international arena

- correlation of forces on the world scene

- curb the forces of aggression

- alliance of the forces of social progress

•

- strengthen strategic forces

- military force

- directing force

- strategic forces

- powerful forces

- multinational nuclear forces

- motive force

- assault force

- border-security forces

- balanced reduction of the armed forces

- economical forces

- nuclear strike force

- paramilitary forces

- guiding force

- balance of conventional forces

- sea forces

- active duty ground forces

- landing forces

- ground forces

- compulsory force

- allied forces

- forces level

- binding force

- size of the armed forces

- labour force

- force of public opinion

- ratio of the armed forces

- limitation of the number of ground forces

- force of of a document

- of legal force

- experienced labour force

- ground forces manpower

- deterrent forces

- military forces

- peace-keeping forces

- force of an agreement a document

- relationship of the armed forces

- employed labour force

- exceed the forces level

- imbalance in ground forces

- voluntary task forces

- militant force

- legal force

- residual ground forces level

- characteristics of the armed forces

- force of argument

- logistical forces

- second-strike force

- proportions of the armed forces

- effective forces

- conservative forces

- industrial reserve force

- naval forces

- task forces

- peace-safeguarding forces

- modernize strategic forces

- Right-wing Forces SPS Russia

- Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

- transformations of the productive forces

- armed forces

- rapid deployment forces

- rely on military force

- current forces levels

- bomber forces

- productive forces

- agreed forces levels

- conventional forces

- liberation forces

- neutral forces

- character of the armed forces

- national forces

- reduce military forces

- active forces

- lose one's binding force

- Joint Armed Forces

- strategic striking forces

- conventional operational forces

- monetary forces

- sea-based nuclear forces

- operational deployment forces

- number of the armed forces

- retaliatory forces

- limit conventional forces

- theatre nuclear forces

- strength of the armed forces

- competing forces

- contending forces

2. v

- force a bill through

- force concessions from smb.

- force a reform through

- force the market

- force to pay

- force up

- force down

1) сила, мощь

2) действенность; действие, воздействие (соглашения, закона и т.п.)

3) применение силы, насилие, принуждение

4) pl войска, вооруженные силы; вооружения

5) группа

6) сила (производительная, политическая и т.п.); фактор

7) численность

8) (the Force) полиция (особ. Великобритании)

•

- Determined Force

- balance of forces

- basic productive force

- entry into force

- external force

- show of force

- size of the armed forces

- threat of force

- TNF

I n

1. сила, міць

2. дійсність, дієвість

3. pl війська, збройні сили

4. насилля

- active armed forces регулярні війська

- agree forces levels узгоджені рівні збройних сил

- air forces військово-повітряні сили

- allied forces союзні війська

- anti forces сили супротивника

- armed forces збройні сили/ війська

- assault force ударна сила

- binding forces обов'язкова сила

- border-security forces прикордонні війська

- competing forces сили, що борються/ змагаються

- contending forces сили, що борються/ змагаються

- conservative force консервативна сила

- current forces levels існуючі рівні збройних сил

- deterrent forces сили залякування/ стримування

- environmental forces природні ресурси

- liberation forces сили визволення

- militant force бойова сила/ міць

- military forces збройні сили, війська

- milinational nuclear force багатонаціональні ядерні сили

- national forces національні збройні сили

- natural force сила природи

- naval forces військово-морські сили

- neutral forces війська нейтральних держав

- nuclear strike force ядерна ударна міць

- obligatory forces обов'язкова сила

- peacekeeping forces сили підтримки миру

- peace-safeguarding forces сили на сторожі миру

- powerful forces впливові сили

- present force relationship існуюче співвідношення сил

- productive force виробнича сила

- quick reaction forces сили швидкого розгорання/ реагування

- rapid deployment forces сили швидкого розгорання/ реагування

- sea forces військово-морські сили

- second-strike force сили для нанесення удару у відповідь

- strategic forces стратегічні сили

- strategic striking forces сили для нанесення стратегічних ударів

- task forces сили особливого призначення; спеціальна група цільового призначення

- theatre nuclear forces (TNF) ядерна зброя театру військових дій (об'єднаних військових сил НАТО)

- voluntary task forces добровільні оперативні служби

- force of an agreement чинність угоди

- force of argument сила переконання

- forces from outside the area іноземні збройні сили

- force of public opinion сила/ вплив громадської думки

- full force of the treaty повна сила договору

- balance of forces співвідношення сил; рівновага сил

- balance of nuclear forces рівновага/ баланс сил, забезпечених ядерною зброєю

- buildup of forces нарощування сил

- correlation of forces співвідношення сил

- disparity of forces диспропорція у збройних силах

- entry into force набуття (договірної) чинності

- imbalance in ground forces відсутність рівноваги у сухопутних військах

- intrinsic capabilities of forces притаманні збройним силам бойові можливості

- level of forces рівень збройних сил

- non-use of force незастосування сили

- policy of force політика з позиції сили, політика сили

- primacy of force примат сили

- proportions of forces співвідношення сил

- ratio of forces співвідношення сил

- relationship of forces співвідношення сил

- renunciation of force відмова від застосування сили

- renunciation of the use of force відмова від застосування сили

- show of force демонстрація сили

- size of the armed forces чисельність збройних сил

- strength of the armed forces чисельність збройних сил

- suppresion by force придушення силою

- threat of force погроза силою

- threat or use of force погроза силою чи застосування сили

- use of force застосування сили

- to be in force бути чинним (про документу договір тощо)

- to cease to be in force втратити чинність (про документ, договір тощо)

- to come into force набути чинності (про документ, договір тощо)

- to enter into force набути чинності (про документ, договір тощо)

- to have no force бути недійсним/ нечинним (про документ, договір тощо)

- to limit conventional force обмежити чисельність військ. озброєних звичайною зброєю

- to maintain the balance of forces підтримувати рівновагу сил

- to put in force робити чинним, вводити в дію/ в життя

- to reduce military forces скорочувати збройні сили

- to refrain from the threat or use of force стримуватися від погрози силою чи її застосування

- to remain in force залишатися чинним, діяти (про документ, договір тощо)

- to resort to force застосовувати силу/ насилля

- to take by force захопити, заволодіти силою

- to take recourse to force застосовувати силу/ насилля

- to use force застосувати силу

- by force силоміць, насильно

- by force and arms силою зброї

- in force діючий/ чинний (про документ, договір тощо)

II v примушувати

- to force a bill through протягнути законопроект (про парламент тощо)

- to force concessions from smbd. силою змусити когось піти на поступки

- to force a reform through протягнути реформу (про парламент, конгрес тощо)

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Mining and extraction technology, Weapons and armour

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The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.

It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.

In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.

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